Functional Apis mellifera honey bee colonies rely on collaborative brood care typically performed by nurse bees with well-developed hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs). Neonicotinoids. widely used insecticides. have been shown to negatively affect HPG development when worker bees were exposed to field-realistic concentrations either as brood or adults. https://www.freeebookfinder.com/product-category/tig-torch-collet-body/